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A More Perfect Union

The New Georgia Encyclopedia is supported by funding from A More Perfect Union, a special initiative of the National Endowment for the Humanities.
Augustin Verot

Augustin Verot

Augustin Verot, known as the "Rebel Bishop" for his support of the Confederacy during the Civil War, became bishop of the Diocese of Savannah in 1861 and led the Catholic community through the turbulent years of war and Reconstruction.
Courtesy of Catholic Diocese of Savannah Archives
Slavery & Abolitionism

Slavery & Abolitionism

On January 4, 1861 Augustin Verot delivered a sermon defending the practice of slavery and condemning abolitionism. It was later reprinted as a Confederate tract and circulated throughout the region, earning Verot wide acclaim in southern states.   
Augustin Verot

Augustin Verot

In the aftermath of the Civil War, Augustin Verot called for Catholic bishops to support the construction of schools and churches for freedmen. 
Young John Allen

Young John Allen

Young John Allen, born in Burke County and raised in Meriwether County, traveled as a Methodist missionary to Shanghai, China, in 1860 and remained there for much of his life. In addition to his ministry, Allen worked as a journalist and founded a college in Shanghai.
Courtesy of .
Mary Houston Allen and Children

Mary Houston Allen and Children

Mary Houston Allen, the wife of Young John Allen, a Methodist missionary to China, is pictured with her children, circa 1870. Before her marriage, Allen attended Wesleyan College in Macon.
Courtesy of .
Young John Allen with Writers

Young John Allen with Writers

Young John Allen (center), a Georgia native and Methodist missionary to Shanghai, China, is pictured with two Chinese writers, identified as Tsai and Yin, circa 1900. During his many decades in China, Allen founded the publication (Church News) and translated books.
Courtesy of .
John Morgan

John Morgan

John Morgan, pictured in 1890, arrived in Georgia as a missionary of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in 1876. Two years later he was given authority over the church's Southern States Mission, headquarterd in Rome.
Courtesy of Special Collections Department, J. Willard Marriott Library, University of Utah
Joseph Standing

Joseph Standing

Joseph Standing was sent as a Mormon missionary to Georgia in 1878. The following year he was killed by a mob in Whitfield County while traveling with fellow missionary Rudger Clawson. A memorial park at the murder site was dedicated to Standing in 1952.
Courtesy of Special Collections Department, J. Willard Marriott Library, University of Utah
William Holmes Borders

William Holmes Borders

The Reverend William Holmes Borders served as pastor of Wheat Street Baptist Church in Atlanta from 1937 to 1988. In the late 1950s he led the Love, Law, and Liberation Movement to desegregate the city's bus system, and in the 1960s he arranged for the construction of a low-income housing project, Wheat Street Gardens.
Courtesy of Wheat Street Baptist Church; Estate of the Reverend William Holmes Borders Sr.
Wheat Street Baptist Church

Wheat Street Baptist Church

Wheat Street Baptist Church, located in the Sweet Auburn district of Atlanta, was founded in 1869. The church building, located at the corner of Auburn Avenue and Yonge Street (later William Holmes Borders Drive), was constructed between 1921 and 1939. William Holmes Borders, a prominent civil rights activist, was pastor of the church from 1937 to 1988.
From The United Negro: His Problems and His Progress: Containing the Addresses and Proceedings the Negro Young People's Christian and Educational Congress, Held August 6-11, 1902, by Irvine Garland Penn and John W. E. Bowen Sr.
Walden and Borders

Walden and Borders

Members of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People gather in February 1957 for civil rights hearings held before the U.S. Senate in Washington, D.C. Prominent leaders from Georgia include A. T. Walden (second row, fourth from left) and the Reverend William Holmes Borders (second row, fifth from left).
Courtesy of Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Visual Materials from the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Records, #LC-USZ62-126520.
Triple L Movement Leaders

Triple L Movement Leaders

Leaders of the movement to desegregate the bus system in Atlanta gather in the office of Rev. William Holmes Borders (seated) at Wheat Street Baptist Church. From left, Rev. R. B. Shorts, Rev. R. Joseph Johnson, Rev. Howard T. Bussey, and Rev. Ray Williams.
Courtesy of Wheat Street Baptist Church; Estate of the Reverend William Holmes Borders Sr.
Louie D. Newton

Louie D. Newton

Louie D. Newton, pictured in 1949 in his office at Druid Hills Baptist Church in Atlanta, was a prominent Baptist preacher, author, editor, radio personality, and denominational leader. A native of Screven County, Newton was the pastor at Druid Hills from 1929 until his retirement in 1968.
Courtesy of Christian Index
Jacob Rothschild

Jacob Rothschild

Jacob Rothschild, who served as rabbi for the Hebrew Benevolent Congregation in Atlanta from 1946 to 1973, reads during a Rosh Hashanah service. During his tenure Rothschild was an advocate for civil rights and developed a close friendship with Martin Luther King Jr.
Courtesy of .
Johann Martin Boltzius

Johann Martin Boltzius

Lutheran minister Johann Martin Boltzius, along with religious refugees from Salzburger, founded the settlement of Ebenezer near Savannah in the early 1730s as a religious utopia. Boltzius hoped to create a successful economic system that was not dependent upon slavery.
Courtesy of .
Early Ebenezer

Early Ebenezer

This sketch of the early Ebenezer settlement was drawn in 1736 by Philip Georg Friedrich von Reck. That same year the Salzburger settlement moved to a location closer to the Savannah River, where conditions were better for farming.
Print from Von Reck Archive, Royal Library of Denmark, Copenhagen
George Whitefield

George Whitefield

An engraving of Anglican minister George Whitefield, created in 1774, depicts him preaching at a church in New York. A popular figure of the eighteenth-century Great Awakening in America, Whitefield founded the Bethesda orphanage near Savannah in 1740.
Courtesy of Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division
Atticus G. Haygood

Atticus G. Haygood

Atticus G. Haygood, a bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, rose to national prominence around 1880 with a Thanksgiving speech and a book extolling the contributions of African Americans since emancipation. Haygood served as president of Emory College in Oxford from 1875 until 1884.
Courtesy of Moore Methodist Museum
George Whitefield

George Whitefield

George Whitefield, an Anglican minister, was the central figure of the Great Awakening, which occurred from about 1720 to 1780 in America. The series of revivals sparked a move away from formal, outward religion to inward, personal religion.
George Whitefield

George Whitefield

With funds raised primarily in his native England, Anglican minister George Whitefield opened the Bethesda Orphan House in Savannah in 1740. In 1791 the state assumed control of the orphanage and later opened an academy.
Courtesy of .
John Wesley

John Wesley

John Wesley, one of the founders of Methodism, traveled to Georgia from England with his brother Charles in 1735 and served as the Anglican rector of Christ Church in Savannah until 1738. Upon his return to England, Wesley experienced a conversion, influenced in part by the Moravain settlers he encountered while in Georgia, that marked the beginning of his evangelical work.
Courtesy of .
Susanna Wesley

Susanna Wesley

Susanna Wesley was the mother of John and Charles Wesley, the cofounders of Methodism during the eighteenth century. Wesley provided an early education to her sons during their boyhood in England, and both continued their studies at Christ Church College at Oxford University before traveling to Georgia in 1735.
Photograph by Wikimedia

William Ragsdale Cannon

William Ragsdale Cannon

William Ragsdale Cannon, a United Methodist bishop from 1968 until 1984, stands outside of Emory University's Cannon Chapel. The chapel was consecrated in 1981 and named in honor of the bishop, who had previously served as dean of the university's Candler School of Theology.
Courtesy of Emory University Photography
William Ragsdale Cannon

William Ragsdale Cannon

William Ragsdale Cannon, a United Methodist minister and educator, was dean of the Candler School of Theology at Emory University from 1953 to 1968. He was named a bishop in 1968 and served areas in Georgia, North Carolina, and Virginia during his sixteen-year tenure.
Courtesy of Moore Methodist Museum
Charles Wesley

Charles Wesley

Charles Wesley is best known as one of the founders of Methodism in the eighteenth century. In 1735, along with his brother John, Wesley traveled from England to Georgia, where he served as secretary to James Oglethorpe and as chaplain at Fort Frederica.
Courtesy of .
James Osgood Andrew

James Osgood Andrew

James Osgood Andrew presided as senior bishop over the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, from 1846 until his death. Andrew College in Cuthbert was named for him.
Courtesy of Andrew College
Adiel Sherwood

Adiel Sherwood

Adiel Sherwood was one of the most influential Baptists in Georgia during the nineteenth century. In addition to his preaching and mission work, Sherwood was also a temperance activist, an educator, and a prolific writer.
Courtesy of Jack Tarver Library Special Collections, Mercer University
Patrick Hues Mell

Patrick Hues Mell

Patrick Hues Mell, a native of Liberty County, was a prominent Baptist leader in the state during the nineteenth century. Also an influential educator, Mell taught at Emory College, Mercer University, and the University of Georgia, where he became chancellor in 1878.
Courtesy of .
University of Georgia

University of Georgia

An early sketch, circa 1850, of the University of Georgia in Athens depicts the Franklin College quadrangle as seen from the southwest across Broad Street. The architecture of the campus was modeled after that of Yale University in Connecticut, the alma mater of Abraham Baldwin, UGA's first president.
Courtesy of .
Jesse Mercer

Jesse Mercer

Jesse Mercer, a prominent Baptist leader in Georgia, served as president of the Georgia Baptist Convention from 1822 until his death in 1841. Also an active publisher, Mercer compiled a hymnal in 1810 and edited the Christian Index, a Baptist newspaper, from 1833 to 1840. In 1833 he founded Mercer Institute, which later became Mercer University.
Clarence Jordan

Clarence Jordan

Clarence Jordan (center), a Southern Baptist preacher known for his dedication to racial reconciliation and economic justice, attends a church meeting. In addition to preaching and speaking around the country, Jordan cofounded Koinonia Farm and wrote the "Cotton Patch" versions of New Testament books.
Courtesy of Koinonia Partners
Charles Allen

Charles Allen

Charles Allen, a well-known United Methodist minister, writer, and broadcaster, signs copies of his book (1961). Allen served as pastor of Grace Methodist Church in Atlanta from 1948 to 1960 and broadcast his sermons on both radio and television.
Courtesy of .
George Foster Pierce

George Foster Pierce

George Foster Pierce, a Methodist minister and native of Greene County, served as the president of both Georgia Female College and Emory College before his 1854 election as bishop. A supporter of the Confederacy during the Civil War, Pierce defended the ownership of enslaved people by church leaders, an issue which created a breach between northern and southern Methodists.
Courtesy of Moore Methodist Museum
Arthur Moore

Arthur Moore

Arthur Moore was a prominent Methodist bishop in the Atlanta area from 1940 until his retirement in 1960. Before coming to Atlanta, Moore served as the pastor of churches in Texas and Alabama and, while bishop of the Pacific Coast area, led the Bishops' Crusade in 1937.
Courtesy of Moore Methodist Museum
Arthur Moore

Arthur Moore

Upon his retirement in 1960 as the Methodist bishop in the Atlanta area, Arthur Moore continued his work through the Arthur J. Moore Evangelistic Association.
Courtesy of Moore Methodist Museum
Kiokee Baptist Church

Kiokee Baptist Church

Kiokee Baptist Church, located today in Appling, is the oldest Baptist church still active in Georgia. Pictured is the church's third building, which was constructed in 1808 several miles outside Appling in Columbia County.
Courtesy of Jarrett Burch

E. K. Love

E. K. Love

E. K. Love was a Baptist minister, missionary, and writer in the late nineteenth century. This sketch of Love is taken from his History of the First African Baptist Church, which was published in 1888.
From History of the First African Baptist Church
History of the First African Baptist Church

History of the First African Baptist Church

In addition to writing History of the First African Baptist Church (1888), Emmanuel Love King edited three Black Baptist newspapers: the Baptist Truth, the Centennial Record, and the Georgia Sentinel.
From History of the First African Baptist Church
Sam Jones

Sam Jones

The Reverend Samuel P. Jones, or "just plain 'Sam Jones,'" as he preferred to be called, reached the peak of his popularity as an evangelical Methodist minister in the early 1880s. Rarely spending time at his home in Cartersville, Jones preached his "quit your meanness" theology in cities across the United States.
Courtesy of David B. Parker
Rose Lawn

Rose Lawn

Rose Lawn was the Cartersville home of Sam Jones and his family. This postcard view shows the house after renovations in 1895, during which the two story "cottage" was raised and a new first floor was built beneath it. Rose Lawn is currently open to the public as a house museum.
Courtesy of David B. Parker
Jones Family Plot

Jones Family Plot

According to family lore, the Methodist evangelist Sam Jones, a frequent traveler, was buried close to the railroad tracks behind Cartersville's Oak Hill Cemetery so that his tall marker could be seen by the engineers and conductors he had befriended. Jones's wife, Laura McElwain Jones, is buried beside him.
Courtesy of Chantal Parker
Andrew Bryan

Andrew Bryan

Andrew Bryan, born enslaved in 1737, was a founder and leader of First African Baptist Church in Savannah along with his brother Sampson. The congregation grew and established two satellite churches after 1800, despite opposition and threats of violence from the white community. This sketch of Bryan appeared in Savannah's Morning News Print in 1888.
Reprinted by permission of the University Library, University of North Carolina
First African Baptist Church

First African Baptist Church

First African Baptist Church, which was established during the 1770s, played an important part in the Savannah civil rights movement. The stained-glass windows in the current church building, located at 23 Montgomery Street in Savannah, feature prominent Black leaders.
Photograph by Carl Elmore. Courtesy of Savannah Morning News
Laura Belle Barnard

Laura Belle Barnard

Laura Belle Barnard, a native of Glennville, was a Free Will Baptist missionary to India between 1935 and 1957. There she worked primarily with the "untouchables," the lowest class in the Hindu caste system. Also a prolific writer, Barnard was a professor at the Free Will Baptist College from 1960 until 1972.
Courtesy of Matt Pinson
Tunis Campbell

Tunis Campbell

This sketch (circa 1848) of Tunis Campbell is the only known image of the prominent Black politician and minister. After serving as a Union chaplain during the Civil War, Campbell became a prominent leader of the Republican party in Georgia during Reconstruction.
Courtesy of Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University
Stone Mountain Carving

Stone Mountain Carving

The carving on Stone Mountain depicts the Confederate icons Robert E. Lee, Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson, and Jefferson Davis. Commissioned by the president of the United Daughters of the Confederacy, the sculptor Gutzon Borglum began work on the relief in 1915. He was fired in 1925, and Augustus Lukeman completed the carving.
Photograph by Mark Griffin, Wikimedia
Lucius Holsey

Lucius Holsey

As bishop of the Colored Methodist Episcopal Church, Lucius Holsey oversaw the growth of the denomination in his native state of Georgia. He was also instrumental in the establishment of Paine Institute (later Paine College), which opened in Augusta in 1884.
Photograph by Mathew B. Brady. Courtesy of National Archives and Records Administration
John Leadley Dagg

John Leadley Dagg

John Leadley Dagg, a professor and president at Mercer University in the mid-nineteenth century, was an influential author, educator, and Baptist clergyman in Georgia.
From History of the Baptist Denomination in Georgia, by Samuel Boykin
John Francis Dagg

John Francis Dagg

John Francis Dagg, son of the renowned Baptist leader John Leadley Dagg, served as a Baptist minister in Cuthbert, Madison, and Forsyth. After his retirement in 1856, the elder Dagg came to live with his son and by 1869 had published four major theological texts.
From History of the Baptist Denomination in Georgia, by S. Boykin
The Elements of Moral Science

The Elements of Moral Science

The Table of Contents for John Leadley Dagg's (1859) lists chapters on "Knowledge of Duty," "General Rules of Conduct," "Duties to God," "Duties of Reciprocity," "Duties of Benevolence," and "Duties of Veracity," among others.
From The Elements of Moral Science, by J. Dagg
Lottie Moon

Lottie Moon

Lottie Moon, a native of Virginia, taught briefly in Cartersville, where she opened a school for girls in 1871 and ministered to the poor of Bartow County. In 1873 she traveled as a missionary to China, where she stayed for the next forty years.
Photograph from Women's Missionary Union Pamphlet
Monument to Lottie Moon

Monument to Lottie Moon

Lottie Moon, who taught briefly in Cartersville, paved the way for Baptists' traditionally solid support for missions during her decades as a missionary in China.
Photograph by Okeanroe

Warren Akin Candler

Warren Akin Candler

Warren Akin Candler, a Methodist bishop, was the tenth president and the first chancellor of Emory University. He was the brother of Asa Candler, the founder of the Coca-Cola Company.
Courtesy of .
Warren A. Candler Hospital

Warren A. Candler Hospital

Warren A. Candler Hospital, pictured in the early 1960s, was founded as a seaman's hospital in Savannah in 1803 and was acquired by the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, in 1930. The Methodists named the facility in honor of Bishop Warren A. Candler.

Courtesy of , Vanishing Georgia, #
ctm134.

Isa-Beall Williams Neel

Isa-Beall Williams Neel

Isa-Beall Williams Neel was president of the Georgia Baptist Woman's Missionary Union from 1911 to 1932. She was the first woman to receive the honorary LL.D. degree from Mercer University in Macon (1931) and the first woman to be elected vice president of the Georgia Baptist Convention (1931).
Courtesy of Jack Tarver Library Special Collections, Mercer University
Zubly Sermon

Zubly Sermon

The front page of one of John Zubly's sermons.
Courtesy of .